Comparison of Effectiveness of Low Dose Laser and Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation in Hemiplegic Shoulder

The primary aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), which are analgesic modalities that play an important role in the treatment of this frequently encountered complication. The secondary aim of the study is to evaluate its effectiveness on upper extremity function, quality of life, sleep, and fatigue.

Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. (1) Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) is one of the common complications seen in up to 40% of stroke patients and negatively affects the rehabilitation process. (2) It is also a significant complication that prolongs hospital stay. Therefore, developing effective treatment strategies is extremely important. The primary aim of our study is to compare the efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), which are analgesic modalities that play an important role in the treatment of this frequently encountered complication. Treatment methods used for hemiplegic shoulder pain: Exercises (joint range of motion, stretching and strengthening exercises), physical therapy agents, kinesiology taping, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), suprascapular nerve block (SSNB), suprascapular nerve pulsed radiofrequency (PRF), botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) intramuscular injections, corticosteroid injections, segmental neuromyotherapy (SNMT), trigger point dry needling (TrPs-DN), robot-assisted shoulder rehabilitation therapy (RSRT), platelet-rich plasma (PrP) injection, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS), peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), functional electrical stimulation (FES), and interferential current stimulation (IFC) play a role in the management of the hemiplegic shoulder pain clinic. (3)

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged 18-75 years * Patients with shoulder pain on the hemiplegic side \*Mini mental state examination ≥ 25 * History of stroke within the last 2 weeks to 6 months * Patients with shoulder pain scoring 40-100 points on the visual analogue scale (moderate to severe) will be included. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients who refuse to provide written consent or attend follow-up visits * Being under 18 years of age * Patients with motor aphasia * Patients who have had a shoulder injection within the last 3 months * Patients who have undergone upper extremity botulinum toxin application within the last 6 months \*Pregnant women or those planning to become pregnant * Inflammatory rheumatic disease * Patients who have undergone shoulder injury and surgery prior to stroke * Patients with other conditions that could explain shoulder pain * Patients with complex regional pain syndrome * Patients with a history of epilepsy, pacemaker, or arrhythmia diagnosis * Malignancy * Diseases such as Alzheimer's or dementia that cause cognitive impairment -History of psychiatric disorders such as major depression or personality disorders * Alcohol and drug addiction