The Effects of Palm Olein and Palm Kernel Oil Diets on Gut Hormones and Appetite in Healthy Adults

The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate the postprandial effect of palm olein- and palm kernel oil- diets compared to PUFA-rich diet (sunflower oil in this study) on gut hormones response and appetite in healthy adults. The main questions it aims to answer are: • Do palm olein- and palm kernel oil-diets postulate to improve satiety and lower appetite compared to PUFA rich diet (sunflower oil) in healthy adults? Researchers will compare diets prepared with palm olain or palm kernel oil to a diet prepared with sunflower oil to see the effects of these three diets on gut hormones and satiety score. Participants will: * Attend a health screening session for subjects selection according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. * Visit the study center three times with 2 weeks apart. * Provide blood samples and fill up questionnaires at different time point within 4 hours. * Receive a ad libitum meal after 4 hours intervention.

Please refer to the protocol uploaded.

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 20 to 45 years. * BMI 20 to 27.5 kg/m2. * Blood pressure with 90 to 130 mmHg for systolic and 60 to 80 mmHg for diastolic measurements. * Fasting blood glucose of 3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L. * Fasting total cholesterol \< 6.0 mmol/L. * Fasting triglycerides \< 2.3 mmol/L. * Not using any form of nicotine and alcohol. Exclusion Criteria: * Diagnosed any form of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome with or without medication. * Consuming any long term prescribed medications or supplements, including hormonal contraceptive pills. * Having moderate anaemia with haemoglobin \<110 g/l for men and \<100 g/l for women. * Having blood clotting problem * Having difficulty in cannulation (small, thin or hard-to-find veins) * Women who are pregnant or lactating.