Evaluating Weight Loss Outcomes in Patients With Overweight or Obesity

The goal of this observational study is to evaluate weight loss outcomes in adults with overweight or obesity using weight management medications. The main questions it aims to answer are: (1) How much weight do patients lose after 12 months? (2) Do blood sugar and cholesterol levels improve? (3) How safe and tolerable are these medications? This is a retrospective study using existing medical records and pharmacy claims. Participants will not be asked to do anything new; all data will be collected from routine clinical care.

The goal of this observational study is to learn how much weight adults with overweight or obesity lose after taking weight management for 12 months. The study also aims to learn whether these medications improve blood sugar and cholesterol levels, and how safe and tolerable they are. The main questions it aims to answer are: How much weight (in kilograms and percentage) do patients lose after 12 months of treatment? Do patients' fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, and cholesterol levels improve after 12 months? What side effects or treatment discontinuations occur in routine clinical practice? Researchers will compare weight loss outcomes among different patient groups based on age, sex, baseline BMI, and the specific medication used. This is a retrospective study, meaning participants will not be asked to do anything new. Researchers will collect information from existing medical records and pharmacy claims at Aldafter Medical Center (ADMC) in Bahrain, including weight measurements, lab results, and medication histories from routine clinical care.

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age: Adults aged 18 years or older. 2. Body Mass Index (BMI): Patients classified as overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m²) or obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m²). 3. Medication: At least one pharmacy claim for any approved weight management medication 4. Continuous Enrollment: Patients must have continuous enrollment in medical and pharmacy insurance for 1 year prior to the index date (date of treatment initiation) and 1 year afterward. \- Exclusion Criteria: 1. Type 1 Diabetes: Patients with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. 2. Non-Compliance: Evidence of non-compliance with treatment (e.g., gaps in therapy greater than 30 days). 3. Bariatric Surgery: Patients who have undergone bariatric surgery in the past 5 years. 4. Serious Comorbidities: Presence of serious medical conditions that may confound weight loss outcomes (e.g., uncontrolled psychiatric disorders, cancer).